Dell Supply Chain Management Essay

1. Introduction Companies, nowadays have to face global competition in order to stay in the market. To be competitive, they have to employ new strategies based on new technologies. Supply chain management plays an important role in the success and growth of an organization. Efficient capitalization of supply chain management enables an organization not to bother about competitors in same line. Customer’s needs and demands play a vital role in making and implementing new strategies and reviewing the made ones time and again in order to stay in a market. Innovational steps in carrying out supply chain Management of an organization will help a lot to be competitive and leading in a same type of activities like enabling the organizations to transact online by improving transactions on traditional supply chain management arena to a technologically improved supply chain management. Web equipped supply chain management is an improved shape of technology these days. Dell a renowned follower of web equipped supply chain management technology is becoming famous among customers due to its real time dealing. Dell since 1984 is proving itself a hot cake for the customers all over the world. Disintermediation, just in time and technologically web based supply chain management made this product a real time choice of professionals. This results in competitivity growth, higher profits and more satisfied customers. 2. Literature Review First supply chain management will be viewed in the terms of already made studies and then Dell’s whole online operational process will be discussed including its founder, history, background, online process, supply chain management, benefits from online processing like just in time technique and its benefits towards human beings. A supply chain is a mixture of all participants involved, directly or indirectly, for providing convenience to customer request (Chopra and Meindl, 2003). We can say that a supply chain involves all organizational components that merge themselves to extract and furnished a complete package for the final customer. Supply chains can manage their structure differently in size, complexity and comprehension of relations between the participants of their carriage mean the operators and the location. In this sense supply chain has two main shapes: spontaneous or direct, in which only one supplier and one member of a party involved. Extendedly it works beyon d a supplier and a customer involving supplier’s supplier and a customer’s customer. Second the normal or general the supply chains have different appearances responding to the demand and thus involve systematically flowed information, gadgets i.e. products and resources between different stages (Lee, 2000). Supply chain management continues its journey with a motive to handle the appropriate needs and demands in the appropriate volume at the appropriate competitive cost (Cutting-Decelle et al., 2006), a situation that would respond highest level of services for the customer and highest reputed performance for the organizations. This proclaims that supply chain management considers the optimal appropriate management of operations between and among participants of the supply chain for the purpose of optimal profitability through the supply chain management’s operations.(Chopra and Meindl, 2003). Mentzer et al. (2001) suggested that Some researchers view supply chain management as a management interaction with structure approach, strategically oriented and custo mer oriented as its key focus, others used it in a sense to elaborate the group the systematic steps to disciplinal implementation of management concepts with integrated tendencies, commonly information sharing, risks and rewards, mutual understanding and collaboration of hardcore activities. Then the third step is a group of management activities (Chopra and Meindl, 2003). In this activity the researcher will follow the third term because it coordinates the others. Fugate and Mentzer (2004) described that the Dell’s phenomenal agenda related its supply chain is â€Å"the right mergence of activities and people elements† (Refer Table 2.1). This is clear from Michael Dell’s sense that â€Å"our research and development (R&D) keenly interested in activities and quality betterment in manufacturing† and that â€Å"one of our biggest challenges is finding managers who can share and respond to rapid changes† (Magretta, 1998). Michael Dell became the father of Dell in 1984, in spite that he was a student at the University of Texas in Austin. Initially the Michael Dell adopted the direct sales model. During this era the computers were sold over the phone and parts were joined according to the customer’s demands and specifications (Kramer et al., 2000). Retail channel was also introduced during the 1990 to 1994 and Dell again returned to direct model and furnished the Dell rapidly in the mid 1990s, In 1999 this made him the number one PC seller in the US and number two in the whole world (Kramer et al., 2000). Dell’s success was incredible because he made the Dell conceit. It became a big company of approximately 35,000 employees and over 25.000 million dollars’ sales in 2000 (Koehn, 2001), thus competing big rivals such as IBM and HP. By 2008, Dell had attained annual revenues of $61 billion and net income of $2.9 billion (Dell, 2009). Dell has decided to enter into new regions and to expand its product line i.e. Servers, workstations, printers, flat-screen TVs and digital cameras. Due to these certain reasons Dell changed its name in 2003 from â€Å"Dell Computer Corporation† into â€Å"Dell Inc.†, to â€Å"reflect the evolution and growth of the company from a computer manufacturer to a company that operates a wide variety of technology-related services† (Rivkin and Giorgi, 2004). The core ingredients of Dell’s business structure are its direct sales model, usually named as â€Å"direct model†, and the build-to-order mean just in time str ategy. Dell has operational facilities in Austin, Limerick, Ireland, and Penang, Malaysia. To make sure the uninterrupted flow of production supplies into these facilities, Dell has developed a two-ended strategy that follows different sourcing arrangements and supply schedules for custom and system parts. According to a recently published report by research firm IDC (Appendix 1), Dell’s hard competitors in its vital corporate PC market are IBM and HP. It faces competition from fellow direct vendor Gateway HP and Apple in the consumer and small business market. In the portable PC business, the key competitors are Toshiba, Lenovo, and HP. In the critical server and Internet infrastructure markets, Dell competes with Sun Microsystems, HP, and IBM. In Internet hosting, it faces competitors like Exodus and Corio, some of whom may also be Dell customers. Outside the United States of America (USA), Dell competes with regional and local vendors in many markets, such as NEC, Fujitsu, and Toshiba in Japan, Fujitsu-Siemens and Acer in European, and Lenovo in China. It also faces hard competition from HP and Acer in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Dell now has 13.7 percent of the world market, down from 14.6 percent for the same period a year ago. Kraemer and Dedrick (2001) claimed that the superior supply chain is driven by Information Technology (IT), e-commerce and virtual corporation. Online selling strategies are backed by online support and Infrastructure. According to Kraemer and Dedrick (2001), the mandatory principles for Dell’s business process are Build-to-order i.e. just in time, direct sales, customization, quality, quantity and periodical made changes. 3. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the systematic, strategic collaboration and coordination of the business functions that requires flow of materials, final goods and interrelated information among suppliers, company, retailers and ultimate consumers. The supply chain system must be rejoinder of customer specifications. Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) defines the supply chain management as it comprises the planning and management of all jointly held activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management. It also shows respect for the core elements and components of coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which are suppliers, intermediaries, service providers i.e. third party, and customers. Managing a supply chain is ‘supply chain management. A supply chain is a set of organizations directly linked by one or more of the upstream and downstream flows of products, processes, services, finances, information and operational model from a specific source to a customer. 4. Components of Supply Chain Management The under explained are five basic components of supply chain management. * Plan— This is strategically oriented phase of supply chain management. Organizations require a strategy for managing all the resources which are needed toward satisfying customer need and demand for their product or service. A big piece of supply chain management planning is developing a set of techniques to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. * Source— secondly companies have to choose suppliers after an in-depth evaluation to deliver the goods and services they need to manufacture their product. So, supply chain managers must develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment integrations with suppliers. * Make— This is the manufacturing and operational phase. Supply chain managers schedule the activities compulsory for production, assembly, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. * Deliver— This is the part that many supply chain management examiners see it as logistics in which companies make sure to coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, and intelligently considers carriers to get products to customers and to set up an invoicing system to receive payments. * Return— This can be a head aching part of the supply chain for many companies. Supply chain planners have to create a responsive and flexible enough network for receiving defective and excess products back into their hunt from their customers. 5. Process approach in Business through SCM According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), in many companies management has reached the conclusion that optimal product flows cannot be managed completely without implementing a process approach to the business. The core supply chain processes stated by Lambert and Cooper (2004) are: * Customer service management * Procurement * Product development and commercialization * Manufacturing flow management/support * Physical distribution * Outsourcing/partnerships * Performance measurement * Warehousing management * Customer service management process The Customer Relationship Management totally explains the coordination and the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the only authentic source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability with the company’s production and distribution operations. Successful organizations follow the following steps to determine customer relationships: * Mutually backed goals for organization and customers * establish and maintain customer rapport * produce and prevail positive satisfactory feelings in the organization and the customers * b) Procurement process Strategic plans are planned in accordance with suppliers to support the manufacturing phase and the development of new products. The desired outcome is a mutual win-win relationship where both sides benefit, and a reduction in time span for the design circle and product development. The purchasing advancements developed a truly rapid communication system, such as electronic data interchange (EDI) and Internet linkage to transmit possible requirements. Obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve a number of activities like resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling and quality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity and research into new sources or programs. * c) Product development and commercialization In recent days as product life cycles shorten, the quality products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must have to: * interrelate with customer relationship management to identify the actual customization * Arrange materials and suppliers appropriately with procurement. * d) Manufacturing flow management process Manufacturing processes have to be responsive to daily based occurring market changes and must address mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis. Activities like planning the essentionals, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations which controls an array of activities like work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies of physical distribution operations are carried out in this process. * e) Physical distribution The customer is the final destination of a marketing channel in this phase. This phase requires the availability of the product/service of each channel stakeholder’s marketing tiredness. Due to the physical distribution process the time and space of customer service become a vital part of marketing, so it coordinates a marketing channel with its customers (e.g. manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). * f) Outsourcing This is not just about outsourcing the strategic planning of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services. The reason behind this tendency is that the company will surely shift its focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive competitive advantage i.e. expertise, and will outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident in logistics where the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists which are named as logistics partners. * g) Performance measurement Competences taken from supplier capabilities and diagnosing a long-term supply chain commitment with a tacklance of customer relationships can both be interrelated with organizational performance. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. Internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm itself including; * Cost * Customer Service * Productivity measures * Asset measurement * Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer shifts and benchmarking. * h) Warehousing management Warehousing management as an important source of reducing company cost & expenses is carrying the valuable role in company’s success. Storing and office with all facilities, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading & unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. 6. Dell Computers Dell Computer Corporation founded in 1984, headquartered in Austin, Texas. Dell is now reputed as one of the world’s most preferred computer system icons and a provider of products and services that customers globally need to set up their information-technology and Internet infrastructures conveniently as Dell always favors the customization. Dell is only the owner of the market leadership ladder because it has a strong and persistent focus on delivering the best possible customer requirements. Direct online selling from manufacturer to consumer is a vital element of its strategy. The company was incorporated on a basic idea that Dell is at its best to efficiently understand consumer needs and to provide the most effective and suitable customized computing solutions. This online business model eliminated retailers because all the computer related dealing is totally made through internet and phones. This activity saved time and cost because each and every system was made regarding the made order, offering customers powerful, richly configured systems at competitive prices. With the passage of time Dell introduced the latest technology much more quickly than competitors with slow-moving and turning over inventory an average of every four days. Now Dell has become the number-one retailer of personal computers, outselling IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Compaq. 7. Direct to Customer Model Dell Computer’s strength is its unique direct to customer model. Through the implementation of model, the company outsourced all the components but it still performs the assembly. In this process the Dell eliminated retailers and directly delivered the computers from its assembly to end customers. This activity enabled Dell Cost leadership holder among the players in the arena. By eliminating the retailers, consumers were buying from Dell without the extra payment to retailers. Another Dell’s strength is its better access to technology compared to its competitors. Dell introduces the latest technology much more quickly than companies with slow-moving indirect distribution channels. Currently Dell’s initiatives include moving even greater volumes of product sales, service and support to the Internet, using the Internet to improve the efficiency of Dell’s procurement, manufacturing and distribution process and further expanding an already broad range of valu e-added services. 8. Dell’s value chain The value chain of a company is its entire product flow from the suppliers to the customers and managing the information flow in such a way that the customer receives maximum satisfaction while the company maximizes its profits. Dell Computer’s value chain is quite different because company sources all its components from vendors across the world and it undertakes the final assembly and sells it directly to the consumer. Dell’s direct model of selling and build-to-order supply chain i.e. just in time strategy have been the core at its policies and practical that have enabled it to gain competitive advantage in the computer industry. The value chain makes sure that all aspects are coordinated into attaining the firm’s stated goals. Dell makes sure that it monitors the value of its initiatives. Dell makes use of online value chain system. Such system helps the company control and coordinate business processes. It provides the company with a system with faster capabilities and lower cost and it eliminates the unnecessary steps which do not contribute the value chain and this also helps the Dell to make a decision regarding its employs’ promotion or demotion. 9. Dell’s Supply Chain Management Supply chain is an integral part of any business because through it raw material is systematically transformed into finished goods; these products are then sold to consumers for the company to have profit. In Supply chain management having a record of supplies is a valuable activity. Having a secured record of supplies gives a company benefits such as efficient list of supplies. Here products are received from a company’s suppliers and they are stored until they are needed on the assembly line of Dell then goods are moved around the organization. Dell relies mostly on its highly reliable supplier, where Dell formulates its operation and relies on its computer monitor supplier to ship directly to the customer. As long as its supplier retains its leadership position, Dell would collaboratively work with it to achieve mutual success. Dell’s Process This process starts when Dell receives an order for a PC, it faxes or phones its requirements to suppliers who pick the ordered parts and pack them in reusable bins with cards attached. Trucks on a continuous connection between suppliers and Dell, known as a â€Å"milk run† deliver the sorted parts to the computer maker’s plant for final assembly. This process frees Dell from having to manage inventories and the costs associated with stock. Dell has made efforts to ensure that suppliers don’t get stuck with much inventory. The computer maker allows suppliers to participate in a â€Å"revolver program,† where they can sell parts stored at the warehouse to other customers than Dell. Dell’s supply chain competency comprises of four qualities which includes demand management, internal collaboration, leveraging partners, and financial fundamentals. Dell’s direct model enables the company to fully hold at demand management. The process of selling d irectly to customers and building product to order creates opportunities for true real-time collaboration between manufacturing and sales. Being in direct contact with the market, Dell can quickly see changes in customer demand. This allows Dell to respond more quickly to customer demand than its competitors can and this true demand management allows for highly accurate forecasts. Second integral aspect of Dell’s success is its ability to collaborate internally. This competency flourishes in a culture which values information sharing and empowers all employees. At Dell, â€Å"direct† refers not only to how the company sells but also to how team members communicate and attack issues to solve. Dell leverages its partners by linking suppliers’ planning and execution activities with Dell’s systems. The company uses information technology to gather and share a constant stream of data on supply and demand trends. Finally and lastly Dell’s entire supply chain is focused on fundamental business performance. Operating margin and not just profits or growth rate is the number that Dell cares about most to ensure long-term profitability. Dell thought differently because when Dell introduced the direct model at the same time its competitors were selling computers to end consumers via distributors. Dell sells directly to consumers and is continuously communicating with them and benefiting. Dell capitalizes the opportunities whenever they arise like seeing sales trends and learning about unmet customer needs. The company also relies on customers’ knowledge of what they want to purchase and when they want to complete the transaction to drive the direct business model i.e. totally customized. The Dell supply chain management system handles a number of transactions and pieces of information, and includes multiple core components necessary to keep operations running smoothly. Some very important components are as follow: †¢ Configuration management; This component manages approximately over 1 million Dell part numbers every year with tackling approximately 200 product families, and over 2 million bills of materials (BOMs) every year. BOMs listing component part numbers are created for manufacturing facilities to build assemblies and subassemblies for Dell products. †¢ Procurement; The procurement component manages approximately 1.8 million purchase order lines every year from more than 5,000 suppliers worldwide. To smoothly process the procurement phase, Dell uses an automated application activity that includes workflow approvals and vendor communication and also enables services such as defective part replacement. †¢ Cost; This element runs smoothly to calculate the costs to Dell for all BOMs. The specific activity runs weekly, monthly, and quarterly, with each job aggregating total material costs. †¢ Inventory; The inventory component manages more than 3 million inventory movements daily from stock rooms to factory floors across all Dell sites. Dell also manages corresponding over 3 million messages transmitted to different systems for reporting, analysis, and factory scheduling. †¢ Accounts payable; this specific measure handles approximately 15,000 items per day which includes payments to Dell suppliers, invoices, and receipts. This component contains some important information under certain categories like vendor information section includes vendor ID number, location, negotiated terms, and contact 9. Significance and Advantages of supply chain management with a glance on disintermediation and Just in Time Explanation Dell’s supply chain consists of only three stages and these stages are the suppliers, the manufacturer (Dell), and the end users. The company’s direct contact with customers allows them to properly identify target markets demands, analyze the target requirements and profitability of each assignment and develop more accurate demand forecasts. Dell matches supply and demand because its customers order computer configurations over the phone or online. These computer systems are built from components that are available in suppliers’ jacket. Dell’s strategy is to provide customized, low cost, and quality computers that are delivered as on ordered time. Dell managed and implemented this strategy through its efficient manufacturing operations, better supply chain management and direct sales model. Dell reduces the cost of intermediaries of distribution channels that would otherwise add up to the total cost of PC for the customer by taking orders directly from the customers. This strategy also saves time on processing orders that other companies normally suffer in their sales and distribution syste m. By directly dealing with the customers Dell gets a clearer indication of market trends and relishes. This helps Dell to plan for the future and forecast properly besides better managing its supply chain. Another integral advantage Dell holds by directly dealing with the customer is that it enables itself to get the customer’s requirements regarding the software to be loaded. The elimination of a PC support engineer to load software, the customers gain both in time and cost. Dell computers have perceived 100% performance in performing a number of important activities which includes on-time delivery, and fill rate. Dell’s supply chain management most efficient trends include increasingly powerful private trading networks, increased transparency in measuring and monitoring the value chain performance, and outsourcing of non-core activities. Cost management techniques with taking practical performance improvement initiatives Dell have revolutionized the entire supply chain management process. Dell uses different software to follow and track its entire activities like Dell uses i2 Technologies software to track its supply chain activities. Dell monitors its supply chain time and again and this activity enables the Dell to make immediate changes (within hours) to respond the fluctuations in consumer demand. The software also alerts Dell to any supply shortages and Dell rapidly communicates order information including automatic replenishment requests to its suppliers through the internet. The company also uses the Web to interact with suppliers this interaction enables the suppliers to be up to date with its volume expectations and long-term planning data. Master production schedule updated after every two hours. Dell’s mass customization program enables 100,000 different computer configurations, 455 annual work-in-process turns, 52 annual inventory turns and a zero finished goods inventory. Dell Computer Corporation successfully uses a build-to-order(just in time) manufacturing program to hold down its inventory to only a five-day supply while shipping 95 percent of customer orders within eight hours. This strategy gives Dell an important competitive advantage as a low-cost producer. Dell can reap the benefits of lower material costs almost immediately and reflect that benefit in its consumer product prices. The Just-In-Time organization has a distinctive culture that gives it a competitive advantage which clarifies its standings among competitors. When big things change in its environment, Dell adapts successfully. People in the Just-In-Time organization are typically motivated more by values and pride in their company. The Coherence Index specifically measures the coherence or consistency of your organization’s strategy. Most Just-In-Time organizations will score moderately high in this area. Coherent companies have a clear set of capabilities that are in line with their strategy and that they use over and over again in their operations. The following are common patterns of behavior in just-in-time organizations. Just-in-time organizations often are often headed by a strong sense of mission. They want to chart new territory, inspire change, and make a big difference. Just-in-time organizations follow two different strategies. first the adventure-seeking and the more cautious professional managers. Adventure-seekers regard the unstructured environment and strained resources of the organization with a certain fondness. Second managers keep the joint running. What they lack in pure passion, they make up for in discipline and managerial skills. They are the more stable and reliable sorts. A great sense of urgency exists in the just-in-time organization. Everything is â€Å"life or death,† and the immediate emergency inevitably takes higher priority over so-called road building for the future. Every day brings fresh fires that need to be put out, and that’s where everyone directs their attention, even though yesterday’s still-smoldering ashes are not yet extinguished. 1 0. Cost effective and consumer friendly SCM of Dell A time when Dell was an infant its IT group ran its supply chain management database applications on large, expensive, proprietary servers based on the UNIX ® OS. As the company grew, servers lacking the necessary capacity had to be replaced with even larger, more powerful servers. The increased performance of industry-standard Dell PowerEdge servers has enabled Dell IT to create cost-effective, highly scalable systems using Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 10g. By sharing a large database across multiple PowerEdge servers, Dell IT can easily deploy additional low-cost servers when necessary to handle increased workloads rather than buying additional large, expensive, proprietary UNIX-based servers. Supply chain management is essential to Dell operations around the world, with both factory operations and internal systems dependent on supply chain management systems to provide real-time information about key business functions. Running these systems on Oracle RAC 10g clusters of industry standard Dell PowerEdge servers enables Dell IT to scale them efficiently and cost-effectively to handle increased workloads. By moving the systems to Dell servers when it did, Dell IT avoided significant additional expenditures for proprietary UNIX-based servers, enhanced performance, and provided a clear path for future growth. 11. Conclusion and recommendation The rapid development of Worldwide Web (WWW) technologies, Internet, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have generated the evolutionary online business solution and electronic-commerce (ecommerce) both of which are to provide support for both information and workflow control, and process management as well as enhance the communication. E-commerce technologies are perceived as a mainstream to improve productivity and information flow and communications which all have to process through a systematic phase of supply chain management. Technology based SCM allows the creation of extra value for the customer and have the goal to satisfy the client requirements in the best possible way and in real time. Migration to a technological based approach for SCM applications is required for streamlining Supply Chain activities, maintaining a consistent quality of service and controlled distribution of the data which otherwise cannot be achieved. A technological based supply chain management must have the components like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system which forms groups of business software functions like production, purchasing, CRM. These applications have to be interconnected so that to provide complete reports on customers, demand, suppliers, supply, finance, manufacturing, delivery, etc. 12. Reference Fugate, B.S. and Mentzer, J.T. (2004) ‘Dell’s supply chain DNA.’ Supply Chain Management Review, Vol.8, No.7, p.20-24 Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2003) Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maney, K. (2003) ‘Dell Business Model Turns to Muscle as Rivals Struggle’. Online. USA Today. Available: http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2003-01-19-dell-cover_x.htm [18 Jan 2009] Maguire, J. (2003) ‘Case Study: Dell.com’. Online. Ecommerce-Guide.com. Available: http://www.ecommerce-guide.com/news/news/article.php/2013731 [18 Jan 2009] Magretta, J. (1998) ‘The power of virtual integration: An interview with Dell computer’s Michael Dell.’ Harvard Business Review, Vol.76, No.2, pp.73-84 Lee, H.L. (2000) ‘Creating value through supply chain integration.’ Supply Chain Management Review, Vol.4, No.4, pp.47-54 Kraemer, K.L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) â₠¬ËœDell computer: Organization of a global production network’. Irvine, California: Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations. Online. Available: http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi Aitken J.M. (1999). Supplier Associations, A Methodological Opportunity in Supply Chain Research, Belfast and Dublin, United Kingdom and Ireland, 13-22. Ghiassi, M., Spera, C., 2003. Defining the Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets. Computers and Industrial Engineering 45, 17–41. McKnight, H.D. and Chervany, N.L. 2002. What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Forthcoming. Saab S.S., W. Mhanna, and S.Saliba, â€Å"Conceptualisation Study for Using RFID as a Stand-alone Vehicle Positioning System,† Intl. Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Technology and Applications, vol. 2, issue. 1/2, pp. 27-45, 2009. Ross, F. (200 3), Introduction to e-Supply Chain Management, engaging

Catcher in the Rye Song Project

â€Å"Under the Bridge† – Red Hot Chili Peppers Analysis In this song, the lead singer, Anthony Kiedis, is describing how after a drug addiction he moved to a different city to start a new life. This relates to Holden in Catcher in the Rye because after he was kicked out of school he had a hard decision to make. He either could go to his home before his parents knew about the expulsion, or he could run away to New York. Anthony and Holden both choose to go to the city. Also in the song and the book, the singer and Holden turn to drugs as a way to help their lives. Obviously that is the wrong choice, but anyways Holden, although underage, drinks as a means of an anti-depressant. â€Å"†¦The more depressed I got, and I decided, while I was walking and all, to stop off and have a drink somewhere† (90). This quote shows just one of a couple instances where Holden wants to drink because he is depressed or lonely. Anthony Kiedis, just like Holden, turned to hard drugs because he felt lonely from his family and friends. â€Å"Shake Me Down† – Cage the Elephant Analysis This song is about how the lead singer, Matt Shultz, dealt with the death of his last family member. He talks about how people usually grief and turn to drugs to help deal with someone’s loss. The line â€Å"I’ll keep my eyes fixed on the sun† shows how Matt is being optimistic and trying to make his life better from the death. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s brother Allie dies and Holden has a bold reaction to his death. â€Å"I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage† (38-39). Although Holden has a completely different reaction to a family member’s death, this song relates to Holden because it shows the different ways that people deal with a person’s death. Use Somebody† – King’s of Leon Analysis Throughout this song, the writer describes a person that is trying to find somebody to accompany him that has similar personalities. Holden Caulfield throughout the book goes around meeting new people but most of the time he is depressed and lonely. Holden relates to the song’s character because they both need someone in their lives to fix their problems. â€Å"The first thing I did when I got off at Penn Station, I went into this phone booth. I wanted to give somebody a buzz†¦but when I got inside, I couldn’t think of anybody o call† (59). This quote shows how Holden wanted to talk to someone, but anybody he thought of he found a reason not to call him or her. In the song, the singer repeats the same phrase â€Å"You know I could use somebody† to emphasize the need of a friend. Holden is the same in this case, being he needs someone to help him break his negative attributes. â€Å"Express Yourself† – NWA Analysis The main theme in â€Å"Express Yourself† by N. W. A. is to practice what you preach. An important trait to Holden is genuineness and not being a phony, which is why this song relates to him. Many of their other songs such as and â€Å"Straight Outta Compton† and â€Å"F*** Tha Police† were banned from the radio even though they did contain a lot of the truth about their lives and some of the corruption and brutality they faced in their lives. Meanwhile, other artists produced phony music and imitated others. Being â€Å"straight-up† and truthful is something Holden values a lot. â€Å"Or they kill where the hip-hop starts/Forget about the ghetto, and rap for the pop charts. † This line from the song talks about sell-out rappers who make music just for the money and fame. These kinds of people are phonies. Another quote from the song is, â€Å"It's crazy to see people be/what society wants them to be, but not me. † The meaning of this is that other people around him change to make others happy and to fit in, but he won’t. Holden is just like this. His brother D. B. â€Å"sold-out† by moving to Hollywood and being a screenwriter. Holden doesn’t want to follow the same path. â€Å"Basket Case† – Green Day Analysis Green Day’s singer Billie Joe Armstrong wrote this song while he was in a wretched state of emotional distress. Instead of facing his problems, he would resort to drugs and complaining. This song fits in perfectly with how Holden is handling his problems. After being kicked out of a private school in which his mother paid for, he delays telling her until he can get his emotions under control. He goes to New York City and tries to get drunk to relieve his stress, as Billie Joe Armstrong did with drugs. â€Å"Am I just paranoid? Or I'm just stoned. † This song also talks about the constant paranoia he faces. Holden also has to deal with being paranoid as he is clearly insecure. It is rare that the reader will find Holden describing somebody positively. He is constantly making shallow judgments about the people he encounters. He says, â€Å"I’m not kidding, some of these very stupid girls can really knock you out on the dance floor. † Before even having a conversation with her, he already comes to the conclusion that she is a stupid girl. This proves his insecurity because he is seeing his imperfections through others and criticizing them for it. â€Å"Unwell† – Matchbox Twenty Analysis This song was written from the point of view of a depressed person, rather than a crazy person. I feel that Holden would fall into the category of a depressed person rather than a crazy person. He states several times that he really is just lonely. He says,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What I really feel like, though, was committing suicide. I  felt like jumping out the window. †Ã‚  This may contribute to his depression. This type of depression that he has doesn’t stop him from doing what he wants; it just places an ongoing negative mindset, always judging people. He says, â€Å"The worst part was, the jerk had one of those very phony, Ivy League voices, one of those very tired, snobby voices. He sounded just like a girl. He didn’t hesitate to horn in on my date, the bastard. † This shows his rashness towards people he doesn’t really know. He is just immediately generalizing the people around him. â€Å"Seventy Times 7† – Brand New Analysis This song relates to Holden’s interpretation to a lot of the people he sees. He views everyone like the writer of this song does: as shallow, ignorant and mentally weak. The writer says, â€Å"So, is that what you call a getaway? Tell me what you got away with. Cause I've seen more spine in jellyfish. I've seen more guts in eleven-year-old kids. † He’s exposing the subtle weaknesses of man, much like Holden does in his thoughts. These lyrics are the kind of assumptions that Holden would make about people before even talking to them. This song also fits the way Holden lives his life, â€Å"Back in school they never taught us what we needed to know, like how to deal with despair, or someone breaking your heart. † These are some of Holden’s biggest problems. His failure in his previous relationships will heavily contribute to his ongoing disparity. Dear Holden Caulfield, Over the years I have known you, I have noticed that your personality has changed for the worse. You have gone from a fantastic brother who I loved hanging out with to a lousy, lonely, and depressed person who I feel separated from. I don’t even know who the hell you are anymore! You’ve become a damn childish brat even though you are what now 16 years old? One of the things I hate the most is you think that everything is crap. Movies, people, and everything! It is all crap! You always accuse people of being phony. What exactly is a phony? Have you ever thought of yourself being a phony? Everything you say is a contradiction. In reality, the people you call phony are just average, friendly people. Using your definition of a phony, your own brother would be a phony because he writes stuff for movies. I almost forgot about your social problems. Now, I can’t really ridicule you for this, but you are a lonely person. You don’t have any friends and make people soak in your own sorrows. We need to get someone for you that fix that problem; I’m not worrying about that now though. Your always depressed too damnit. And that makes everyone around you depressed as well. You always have to ruin everybody’s good time. Everything would be going well then all of a sudden you come along and screw up everything. I have decided to get a little creative with the situation. I made you a CD and sent it to you up in Pency Prep. It is a compilation of songs that describe you as a person. It is filled with songs that describe how you coped with your brother’s death, loneliness, and other qualities you have. The first song I have for you is â€Å"Basket Case† by Green Day. This song describes how someone didn’t face their problems and forgot about them. You do the same exact thing. Instead of facing your parents when you get kicked out of Pency, you run away to the city and put away the issue. This song is related to the next song in a way, which is â€Å"Under the Bridge† by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. This song describes the singer turning to drugs to fix his problems, just like you turn to alcohol as an anti-depressant. The singer also shows how he ran off to Los Angeles, just like how you ran off to New York, to â€Å"fix† his problems. Another song I picked for you was â€Å"Unwell† by Matchbox Twenty. The singer in this song tells the listeners he is not crazy but instead just epressed. I felt like that related to you because people may think you have some anger management issues or something, but you’re just extremely depressed and lonely. I also thought that â€Å"Express Yourself† by NWA was an appropriate song for you. This song talks about being true to yourself, and makes fun of people who are fake or phony. Do I ha ve to explain this one? You think everything is phony, I mean seriously, this song is probably your favorite song ever. This next song, â€Å"Shake Me Down† by Cage the Elephant, shows how people deal with someone’s death. During the song the singer talks about people who can’t get over the death, just like you and your mother. You even broke all the windows in the garage because of your anger over your brother’s death! I mean damn, that is a way you could react I guess. Another song I put on the CD was â€Å"Use Somebody† by Kings of Leon. The singer in this song shows the need of a friend in people’s life. You definitely could use a friend. Maybe they can help get rid of your depression and loneliness. The next song I put on there was â€Å"Seventy Times 7† by Brand New. The singer relates to you because both of you have the same outlook on people. that they are ignorant, mentally weak, and phony. This song, â€Å"What’s My Age Again† by Blink-182 is the perfect example of you. The song is about a person that acts nothing like his real age. You act like an immature child even though you are 16. The title even describes you. You say people think you are older than you actually are because of your height, but you are only 16! Another song I put on was â€Å"Prayer of the Refugee† by Rise Against. This song describes a refugee that says he is independent and doesn’t want help but yet people try to help him.

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay In countries of significant migration, like Australia, newly arrived settlers from non-English speaking countries need to become bilingual, adding to fluency in their own language at least some fluency in English. With the passage of time, perhaps generations, families may find that their ethnic language becomes lost to them. Many consider that this loss is not only a loss for families and individuals, but that it is also a loss for the community at large. For the purposes of this essay, the term â€Å"language maintenance† is used to refer to the ability of ethnic communities, families and individuals to maintain their own language while adapting to the language of their new country. This essay will consider the factors which appear to influence the maintenance of a language, focusing on some of the more powerful social and psychological forces which propel individuals towards the continued learning and maintenance of a minority language. There seems to be little doubt among the researchers that attitudes influence language maintenance. In fact, attitudes towards the minority language and culture appear to underlie the other relevant factors, which include sense of ethnic identity, motivation and family support. These factors will be dealt with in turn in this essay. There is a considerable body of evidence that attitudes to the ethnic language and culture influence language maintenance. In order to consider attitudes towards a language, one needs to consider what makes a language valuable. According to Edwards (1985), greater possibilities of employment and acceptance by the community that speaks the language are some valuable qualities. Factors that devalue a language would include the embarrassment some children feel about parents’ use of the minority language in public when the children want to conform. Gardner (1985) has produced and reviewed studies attempting to establish a relationship between attitudes towards a language and culture and motivation to practise the language and participate in that culture. He concludes on the basis of the research that attitudes are fairly consistently related to achievement in a language. Political issues obviously affect attitudes and Romaine (1989, p. 42), in dealing with the effect of ties with the homeland on language maintenance, wrote that â€Å"refugees often reject the language of the oppressive regime and try to assimilate to the new culture as quickly as possible†. An individual’s and community’s sense of ethnic identity appears to have a profound influence on language maintenance. Issues of identity are extremely personal and often emotional, interwoven as they are with personality. One expects the extent to which a person identifies with his/her ethnic background to influence the motivation behind maintenance of the ethnic language. Some studies (e.g. Bentahila and Davies, 1992) have disputed this expectation. It appears that it is possible for a sp eech community to value its ethnic background and language highly though not passing it on to their children, possibly for utilitarian reasons. Or language may not be considered a core value of ethnic identity, as with the Dutch community in Australia, which tends not to maintain the Dutch language over generations (Clyne, 1982). The Dutch community in Australia, according to Smolicz and Secombe (1979), is a group that does not consider it very important to retain its own culture as distinct to that of the dominant majority. Poles and Greeks, however, are language-centred cultures, in which language is considered an important and defining aspect of group membership. These communities, according to Clyne (1979), do maintain their languages well. It thus appears that a strong sense of ethnic identity is an important factor contributing to language maintenance as long as language is considered an important part of that identity.

Robot Dreams Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robot Dreams - Movie Review Example Here we encounter a faulty situation of a robot given to dreaming. Again in the movie "I, Robot"2 there is a probability of a Robot getting away with murder. Ironically the movie brings back the same phobia that separates the notion of the human and inhuman (and evil) that Asimov so fiercely detested in the earlier science-fiction stories about technological inventions turning out to be uncontrollable monsters. But the question posed is different - are the three laws quite enough to control something that is given so much power Asimov's intent was to devise a set of rules that would provide reliable control over semi-autonomous machines that were well-engineered, non-threatening, and in 1940, in conjunction with science fiction author and editor John W. Campbell, he formulated the Laws of Robotics. He subjected all of his fictional robots to these laws by having them incorporated within the architecture of their platinum-iridium positronic brains. Thus the robots physically were incapable to devise or think beyond their architectural scope. The movie faithfully quotes Asimov's three laws of robotics3 but the main thrust of the movie becomes morality/ethics. As the short story challenges our popular notion of robots since it refuses to reiterate another Frankenstein horror, the movie successfully brings that question back: murder of its creator- the humans. Asimov's original laws (see above) provide that robots are to be slaves to humans (the second law). However, this role is overridden by the higher-order first law, which precludes robots from injuring a human, either by their own autonomous action or by following a human's instructions. This precludes their continuing with a programmed activity when doing so would result in human injury. It also prevents their being used as a tool or accomplice in battery, murder, self- mutilation, or suicide. The transgression offered by Asimov in the story "Robot Dreams" whether ideas enter the mind of the Robot who, in a Freudian manner starts displaying symptoms of self-consciousness and worse his being - his position in reality relative to the humans and questions why so. Susan Calvin, chief robopsychologist at US Robots, in "Robot Dreams" is disturbed by a robot's dreaming-and by the dreams. The metaphors constantly question the nature of the Laws of Robotics and what it means to be human It questions the mechanical slavery of the superior robots. Susan Calvin discovers that the robot's brain was designed with a fractal design. The robot's dr eam came to reveal Freudian truth about his desire to be human. It had also seen other robots working hard, and unwillingly. Dr. Calvin has the robot destroyed after the dreams seem to threaten his conformity to the given (man-made) reality that has been granted by man. The fears of the automata, posing an irrational, dead, cold and soul-less threat to humans, calling into question their identity, sexuality, the basis of creation, and powers of domination revolves within the film. It illustrates crucial aspects of the human encounter with the mechanical "other." It somewhat resembles the idea of the golem in the legends, who is supposedly man's servant and exists to protect his maker but almost always threatens its master-running out of control, of its evolving skills or latent skills. The film incorporates some elements of the robot stories that appeared in Asimov's 1950 (as a definite mixture and is never true to one single

Impact of Major Sporting Events on Host Communities Essay

Impact of Major Sporting Events on Host Communities - Essay Example 2010). Thus, this essay critically evaluates whether major sport events are of major benefit to the host city, region, or country. Social Impacts Tourism research has presented a wide array of proof that major sport events can have negative and positive impacts on a host city. Several of the positive outcomes concern economic gain or national honour and high spirits among citizens. This national honour leads to the ‘psychic income’ related to hosting a major event (Gratton & Henry 2001, 32). Moreover, major sporting events have been said to introduce nations to new knowledge and lead to a liberalisation of ideals in closed societies. As a worldwide event, sport draws active involvement and mass viewership, both creating the sub-cultural features of such sport (Gratton & Henry 2001). Commonly, scholars give much attention to the economic effects of major sporting events, thus studies in this field is scarce. According to Hall (1992), social impacts is â€Å"the manner in which tourism and travel affect changes in the collective and individual value systems, behaviour patterns, community structures, lifestyle and quality of life† (as cited in Robinson et al. 2011, 155). ... Recently, there has been an increasing attention given to the social gains of major sporting events for societies. The investigation of Waitt (2003) on the social outcomes of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 reported that in spite of disapproving outlooks and objections to the prelude to the event, all through the event there was â€Å"a reason to celebrate rather than protest† (as cited in Pedersen et al. 2010, 238) and citizens disclosed a heightened feeling of national pride. Likewise, Kim and Petrick (2005 as cited in Pedersen et al. 2010, 238), in an investigation of the South Korea FIFA World Cup in 2002, discovered that even though the passion does appear to ebb after the sport event, it does not fade entirely. A further social gain of major sporting events for hosting societies is the gift of urban restoration. In fact, hosting the 1987 America’s Cup has been recognised as the driving mechanism for the reconstruction of the metropolitan zone in Fremantle, Austra lia. It has been discovered that the apprehensions about severe traffic jams and overcrowding were groundless (Pedersen et al. 2010). Rather, as stated by Pedersen and colleagues (2010), citizens believed that development in infrastructures and opportunity for improved tourism would further enhance the better standard of living in the period after the event. Nevertheless, positive impacts may not constantly stem from major sporting events. According to Higham (1999 as cited in Hinch & Higham 2011, 55), some of the negative outcomes of sport events are interruptions to traditional lifestyle, displacement of local communities, and congestion. Hall and Hodges (1996 as cited

Computer Hardware and Operation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Hardware and Operation - Research Paper Example This has created a difficulty to maintain the entire system which has brought about the need to properly configure the system based on user requirements. Responsively, it has been observed that in order to ensure that different users derive utmost usability from the usage of their system, a categorization has been made which includes configurations required for standard users, power user and elite user. The standard users would perform basic administrative related tasks such as spreadsheets, word processing along with internet. Conversely, power user would perform engineering and information technology (IT) related tasks. Entailing a moderate budget of $1400 for each system, these systems would require features such as high quality graphics along with sound, greater proportion of memory and storage. Similarly, the system of elite user to be used by the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) would be arranged in such a manner which would ensure latest features and top ranked quality. With thes e background considerations, the paper intends to provide reasoned justifications for the selection of a few of the major components for these users including case, power supply, processor, mother board, memory, storage (magnetic and optical) and monitor. The key aspect of the paper is to detail feasible budgeted configuration plans for each of the users so that their needs are satisfied. Reason for Selecting Each of the Major Components for Different Types of Users Case. Computer case which also termed as system unit or base unit is one of the major components of a computer system. Cases are usually manufactured by steel or aluminum. In addition, case at times is manufactured with plastic and even wood as well. Cases come in different sizes. The size of the case is majorly dependent on the motherboard. For instance, a case prepared for an ATX motherboard along with power supply may assume a number of external forms. Various kinds of cases that are available in the market include ve rtical tower, flat desktop and pizza box. Responsively, it is observed that business organizations often depend on the desktop cases and mini-tower cases. Computer cases layout is designed with sheet metal which consumes the power supply. Moreover, the rear board is constructed with billet peripheral connectors which protect the expansion slots and motherboard. Cases usually possess power switch, reset button and LEDs to help show the power status and activity of the network. In recent scenarios, the most popular cases in the consumer market include ATX (PCGuide, 2001). In relation to the provided scenario, it can be affirmed that there would be a requirement of a diverse set of cases for different user configurations i.e. elite, standard and power. For standard configurations, there would be a prospective purchase of 12 systems wherein the budgeted value of each system has been assigned at $750. Considering these factors, the suggested computer case will be Full Tower ATX Gaming Ca se. The price of this case is US$8 for each piece, featuring advanced cooling system and convenient install procedure which would fulfill the requirement of the standard users. Furthermore, for power users, the recommended case will be ATX Computer Case/Cabinet black with silver and the price will be US$10.15 for each piece. This case renders side panel window facility. Conversely, for elite system configuration, the price

Discuss the weaving together od induction and deduction with imperical Essay

Discuss the weaving together od induction and deduction with imperical evidence in the scientific method. - talk about the scientific method, then use examples to - Essay Example The products included an expanded body of knowledge, tools and techniques† (The dawn of Science, p.26). The nature itself was the tutor for the ancient human being. He has learned many things from the nature by observations, testing and analysis. He has devised many methodologies and formulated many concepts based on his experiences with the interaction of nature. Though he was unaware of many natural phenomena at that time, his interaction with nature has made him aware the common patterns associated with all the nature’s activities such as day and night and summer and winter. The scientific method has emerged through these careful observations and analysis of nature’s activities. General principle and scientific principle have lot of differences. General principle may not have any scientific evidences. For example sun is believed to be rises in the east. But east, west, north, south concepts are relative and all such things are mere assumptions and have no Scientific method of inquiry usually associated with gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. Scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation. These data will be used to formulate hypothesizes. From these hypothesizes, conclusions will be made. Scientific method is the method adopted by scientists in their investigation of various phenomena. It is a systematic and orderly method of solving problems. Whatever be the nature of the problems, the scientists adopt a cautious and methodical procedure that helps him to acquire valid and verifiable conclusions. Sensing of the problem is the first step in scientific method followed by the research. The research will provide lot of data which will be used for generating various hypothesizes. These hypothesizes will be tested and then the conclusion will be made which will lead to the formulation of laws. Such formulated laws

Entrepreneurs at Twitter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurs at Twitter - Essay Example nalysts started arguing that the company lacks a sustainable future and many were of the opinion that Twitter does not have an efficient marketing strategy. This report has aimed analysing Twitter’s past and present records to map out its journey. Subsequently, its marketing strategy – which is largely undefined – has been evaluated and the future strategies have been recommended. The capability of Twitter to earn profits has also been touched upon while analysing how the company may capitalise on its popularity. Finally, an action plan has been recommended. The current topic necessitates an analysis of the business case of the popular microblogging service called Twitter. Headquartered in San Francisco, the organisation had commenced it business in 2006. It had an almost instantaneous success because of the fact that it shares numerous characteristics with most of the commonly used communication tools such as â€Å"email, IM, texting, blogging, RSS, social networks and so forth† (O’Reilly & Milstein, 2009, p.7). However, the uniqueness of this service lies in the fact that messages that are sent and received on it â€Å"are no more than 140 characters, or about the length of a news headline† (O’Reilly & Milstein, 2009, p.7), and hence, they can be easily read as well as written. Owing to the speed at which information is shared through it, it has been argued that companies must be present on Twitter as it is an invaluable platform that helps in bootstrapping marketing activities. On a more precise note, with Twitter, companies (especially start-ups and SMEs) â€Å"can help their search engine rankings and website traffic† (Thomases, 2010, p.90). In the light of the immense business potential that Twitter is capable to offer, this case analysis will aim at evaluating its current situation and part record. Simultaneously, attempts will be made to comprehend the marketing strategy of Twitter in order to recommend future strategies. In addition to these,

Employee-Organisation Relationship in Working Performance Essay

Employee-Organisation Relationship in Working Performance - Essay Example This study makes two major contributions to the academia and to the business community, which are as follows: A). Even though there are many studies that have focused on the topic of employee-organization relationship, most of them are based on different perspectives (e.g. organizational politics, strategic role of globalization, human resource management practices). Only a few studies have studied the employee-organization relationship from the perspective of inducement and contribution. Only a few studies have used the grass-roots employees as a basis to evaluate how to motivate employees, and then how to attain sustainable competitive advantages for an organization. Therefore, this study specifically looks at grass-roots employees as a basis, and thus will make some fresh contribution to the area of employee-organization relationship. B). Samples for this study are generally from China. The labour sources will be grass-roots employees with fewer inducements as this makes it easier to collect the realistic primary data with regard to the other mediating variables (such as organizational trust and organizational justice). Many developed countries, particularly multinational enterprises are likely to produce parts of their products in China to benefit from cheap labour sources. Therefore, this study also offers suggestions on how to effectively and efficiently motivate grass-roots employees in China for these large multinational enterprises. ... Nonetheless, attitude and behaviours of individuals in an organisation have also been identified as important factors to repair organisational trust. The findings also suggest that justice implies employee involvement and this boosts staff morale as they feel recognized and valued. Organisational trust is also responsible for job satisfaction that employees feel thereby enhancing performance. Key Words: employee-organisational relationship, organisational justice, equity, organisational trust, employee working performan ce. With the rapid development of the economy, the acceleration of globalisation and increased overseas business activities by multinational enterprises, the definition of organisational trust too has undergone tremendous change. Gibbons (2004) believes that organisational trust can be automatically generated through friendships. Organisations are required not only to keep high levels of friendship with their employees, but also to improve relationships with customers, suppliers as well as business partners. Olekalns and Smith (2005) assert that organisational trust is a key element in organisations. This is because it facilitates bargaining and negotiation while reducing transactional costs in inter-firm exchanges (Bharadwaj and Matsuno, 2006) and resolves international political conflicts (Kelman, 2005). Even in Poon's (2003) study, the issue of organisational trust is seen as the antecedent of organisational politics.

Integrating learning styles Essay Example for Free

Integrating learning styles Essay Facilitators use different learning styles such as auditory, kinetic, and visual methods to enhance each student’s ability to grasp material the simplest way possible. Through research, instructors have adapted many instructing methods to tap into each student’s learning style without alienated other strategies necessary for various learners. Auditory strategies may include speeches, tapes, or auditoria tutorials so the students can complete their work as they listen to the facilitator’s instructions thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p.1). Instructors should emphasize the key words during their speeches to trigger the student’s critical listening skills. The keywords of the speech should be relative to their new material, but it must advise them on how to carry out the motions as well (Family Education, p. 2). As in online tutorials, the student must be able to hear the instructions and place the instructions in action by kinetic learning methods. Kinetic methods can include on-hands learning opportunities such as drawing, playing, or writing. An example of this would be to write out the format of a mathematical equation. The students learn to articulate the mathematical structure of the equation in order to answer the question more thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p. 2). Instructors can use hands-on applications to break the barrier between the textbooks and the information’s overall objective. For instance, an electrical engineer must use their knowledge in the field in order to work diligently through their coursework. It is very important to give the students a chance to have a complete understanding of what their class material is about through kinetic methods. Visual instructions show students how to replicate the sequence for a given answer (Family Education, p. 1). For example, a student must know the basics of a mathematical equations in a more, in-depth way to capitalize on the verbal (auditory) and kinetic (working out) aspects of the subject matter. Reference Cited Felder, R. M. and Soloman, B. A. Learning Styles and Strategies. North Carolina State University. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://www. ncsu. edu/felder-public /ILSdir/styles. htm. â€Å"Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. † (2006). Family Education. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://school. familyeducation. com/intelligence/teaching-methods/38519. html.

The Contribution Of Human Resource Planning Commerce Essay

The Contribution Of Human Resource Planning Commerce Essay Human resource planning determines the human resources required by the organization to achieve its strategic goals. According to the Bulla and Scott (1994) it is the process for ensuring that the human resource requirements of an organization are identified and plans are made for satisfying those requirements. In human resource planning people are the most important strategic resource for an organization. Whereas HRP generally concerned with matching resources to business needs in the longer term, although sometime address shorter-term requirements as well. HRP also looks at broader issues relating to the ways in which the people are employed and developed in order to improve organizational effectiveness. So HRP plays an important role in strategic human resource management. The contribution of human resource planning The evolution of HR planning has been led by many developments which are following below: . Computerised HR information systems. . Closer links between the business environment and the activities of HR managers. . Skill shortages, necessitating the need for skill databases. But on the other hand organisations are increasingly focusing on HR planning for the following reasons: . Supply of skills to address strategic and demographic change. . Need to focus more on demand and supply for an external and internal perspective of an organisation. . Value of using scenario planning to model the fit with future business environment. HR planning plays an important role in business planning. The strategic planning process defines projected changes in the types of activities carried out by the organization and the scales of those activities. It determines the main goals of the organisation and also its skill and behaviour requirements. All these plans HR planning interpret in terms of people requirements. It also focus on solving the problems that the people required will be available at the rite to make some necessary contribution. As Quinn Mills (1983) says, HR planning is a decision-making process that combines three important activities: Identifying and acquiring the right number of people with the proper skills. Motivating them to achieve high performance. Creating interactive links between business objectives and people planning activities. The changing nature of the internal and external labour market requires the need to develop a strategic response. HR planning is increasingly necessary process to ensure the organisation is keeping these issues central to these thinking and that the outcomes from the planning process feed into all HR decisions. Acting non-strategically or in a non-planning way will stifle creativity in thinking behind HR policies. Let us consider demographic changes, for example. In response to the short fall of younger people in the workforce, and an increasing rate of early retirements, organisations can face the following responses: . Do nothing. Allow entry standards to reduce; Outsourcing activities can address the absence of internal skills. . Compete. Intensify recruitment and pay higher salaries, which might tend to increase costs, and short-term poaching of staff. . Substitute. Review new labour market sources. . Act. Improve the research mix, organisational image and working environment, restore employee turnover. Model of human resource planning There are three stages of human resource planning: Reconciling future resourcing needs with future HR plans. Considering and applying HR policy so as to have an impact upon the flows of human resources in an integrated way. This includes this pattern of engagement of staff and their movement through the organisation and the stages of exit. 3. Assessing the effectiveness of HR policies in accessing, creating and using human resource capability. The following chart shows how the organisations can view the flow of people and skill into, through and out of the organisation. It can also be the basis on which decision about reshaping the flows of skills and people can be made. Approaches to human resource planning Resourcing strategies shows the way forward through the analysis of business strategies and demographic trends. They are converted into the action plans based on the outcome of the following interrelated planning activities: . Demand forecasting- this is the key area of forecasting in the short, medium and long term. The organisation must determine the demand profile of skills, including their life cycle and decline, and the competence mix. . Supply forecasting-estimate the supply of people by reference to analyses of current resources and future availability, after allowing for wastage. The organisation must determine the supply of skills both internally and externally. . Investigation and analysis: The organisations must keep the knowledge about, (1) The external environment and labour market, looking at for example, national training plans and the location of markets. (2) The internal environment and labour market: the age and gender balance of the workforce, the number of employees, wastage rates and so on. (3) The organisations systems, resources, culture, practices and industrial relations. (4) Commercial performance requirements such as sales targets, product mix, market segments and profits. . Decision-making The organisation must then make plans to balance supply and demand of skills. The influences will include skill levels, development and the cost effectiveness of accessing a wider skill base. The areas in which decisions will be taken include: recruitment retirement and redundancy selection and assessment outsourcing promotion and reward development and retraining organisational development and culture the type of employment contracts performance management employee relations For example if we use the example of financial services sector, including banks, building societies and credit/loan agencies, using the above model we suggest that over the last 10-15 years the following picture might emerge: . External environment: reduced demand, changing skills, increased competition. . Internal environment: redundancies, new career skills, new culture. . Organisation system: a need for performance and productivity improvement, incentives, flexibility. . Commercial performance requirements: sales of more products, new markets reducing margins. These days in many sectors of the new economy, including finance, banking and it skills have moved from being administrative and routine skills to more complex competences based around diagnostic and interpersonal skills and knowledge. This has an important consequence for selection, labour market and developmental strategies. Key issues faced by such sectors are the need to focus on retention of key staff together with the allowance and possible encouragement of turnover on certain categories of employment. The training implications are about internal skills upgrading. From a recruitment point of view targeting external staff with the right knowledge and skills becomes critical. There are also employee relations implications such as the need to communicate the expectation of staff and demonstrate support for the changes. Professionalism in HR planning The first part of professionalism is understanding the customer, the customer requirements and providing customer satisfaction. HR is increasingly viewed as a service; a service both to employees and to the business. As such customer requirements need to be well understood. Delivering the right services to the customer at the right time, to the right quality and to the right cost must be the goal of HR. In this global business environment, the customer demand on HR is changing rapidly. From the business point of view, HR needs to understand the changing resourcing requirement of the business, flexibility in headcount in response to business cycle, the core competencies the organisation is trying to create and the culture it is trying to establish. HR has to understand the needs of a mobile workforce supporting a global organisation, the knowledge- based workforce the organisation is trying to nurture, the frequent re-structuring due to increased mergers and acquisitions activity, integration of new staff and so on. From the employee point of view, HR need to be clearly understand the increasing needs for workplace flexibility, distance and e-working, improved work-life balance, accessibility of HR operations. Some of the evolving requirements identified above can be enabled by technology. For example, technology underpins mobile/home working and facilitates the accessibility of HR operations at any time and from anywhere. It must be emphasised that technology alone cannot drive results, deliver customer satisfaction or deliver professionalism. Professionalism requires that HR practice be fair, open and transparent. Today, there is a legal obligation for organisations to ensure equality in the areas of race, disability, age, sexuality, gender, religion and belief. HR practices must ensure that equal opportunity regulations are adhered to by all the levels of organisations. Policies and practices should cover recruitment, promotions, remuneration, working conditions, customer relations and the practices of contractors, suppliers and partners, procedure must be in place to ensure that managers do not stifle or limit the promotion prospects of particular groupings or minorities, or discriminate in the selection of new recruits. Professionalism in this area requires the adoption of formalism in capturing customer requirements and selection criteria, and checking adherence against the agreed criteria. This applies to all aspects of HR practices including recruitment, selection, promotion and separation. Professionalism is also e nhanced by engendering, within the organisation as a whole, a culture of equality and respect. One way is to promote this is to ensure workforce diversity training is provided to all levels of staff. Limitations of human resource planning However, it must be recognised that although the notion of human resource planning is well established in HRM vocabulary it does not seemed to be embedded as a key HR activity. As Rothwell (1995) suggests, apart from isolated examples, there has been little research evidence of increased use or of its success. She explains the gap between theory and practice as arising from: . The impact of change and the difficulty of predicting the future-the need for planning my be in inverse proportion of its feasibility; . The shifting kaleidoscope of policy priorities and strategies within organisations; . The distrust displayed by many managers of theory or planning- they often prefer pragmatic adaptation to conceptualization; . The lack of evidence that human resource planning works. Conclusion The whole theory shows the importance of having HR planning system and process in place to support HR strategy. Human resource planning is seen as having increasing importance in addressing both quantitative and qualitative approaches to planning, with the strategic importance of identifying core competencies and sponsoring new techniques. The above theory examined the broader context and information now used for planning and the links to human resource policy decisions.

Changing Role of Women in Archie Comics Essay -- Changing Gender Norms

Plan of Investigation The purpose of the essay is to answer the question: How has Archie Comics reflected changing gender norms in the United States of America from World War II to the present of women in contemporary American society, in its eventual challenge of the position of men as the dominant sex, and in its inclusion of previously marginalized sexual orientations? As entertainment primarily targeted to middle-class America, Archie is a helpful avenue by which to understand acceptable views. This paper will present gender roles portrayed in Archie Comics in three different time frames: the Forties, the Sixties, and the new millennium. It will analyze the establishment of traditional gender roles set forth in the earliest Archie Comic strips. Next it will critique the ways in which it responded to the challenges to these traditional norms and assess whether the comic incorporated these challenges or rebuffed them. Finally, this paper will evaluate the role of modern-day Archie Comics as a vanguard i n the new discussion of gender roles and sexual orientation in America. For the purpose of analysis, issues of Archie representative of the era will be examined in conjunction with larger historical developments. These include: the sexual revolution of the 1960s, the post-feminist world following the 1970s, and the rise of LGBT acceptance. Often changes in social norms move at a glacial pace. Particularly difficult in assessing social norms is the definition of what is normative to begin with. For that reason, most historians will look at what artifacts and documents signify popular culture. While these artifacts and documents may reveal what norms existed at a given time, tracking changes in norms relies upon the existence o... ...ItemClick=true&searchText=helen&searchText=mayer&searchText=hacker&searchText=WOMEN&searchText=AS&searchText=A&searchText=MINORITY&searchText=GROUP&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhelen%2Bmayer%2Bhacker%2BWOMEN%2BAS%2BA%2BMINORITY%2BGROUP%26amp%3Bprq%3Dhelen%2Bmayer%2Bhacker%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bracc%3Doff. Paul Kupperberg. â€Å"Life With Archie #16.† In Archie The Married Life, 3:23–24, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #20.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:20, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #22.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:9, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #23.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:20, 2012. Universe, Funding. â€Å"Archie Comics Publications, Inc. History.† History Of Archie Comics, n.d. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/archie-comics-publications-inc-history/. â€Æ'

Hormonal Replacement Essay -- essays research papers

THE PRO’S AND CON’S OF HORMONAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY The Pro’s and Con’s of Hormonal Replacement Therapy LaSalle University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper I will be focusing on the positive and negative aspects of hormonal replacement therapy. To understand replacement therapy we first need to look at what occurs in a women’s body during menopause. As a woman is my 40’s like so many others, I will be in need of this information in the not so distant future, and as such this topic serves a considerable purpose. Awareness and education in this area can alleviate problems and make what could be a traumatic experience more manageable thereby raising the quality of ones life. Hopefully, women today will no longer have to suffer through menopause, as most of our mother’s did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All women experience menopause. There are periods of pre-menopause, peri-menopause and post-menopause. The period from pre-menopause to post-menopause can be as longer a 30 years. Premenopause is the stage in a women’s life when menstrual cycles are normal, or the reproductive years before the change of life. Perimenopause can be as long as ten years. This is the period when women go through what is sometimes called the change of life. This is the period when the signs and symptoms of menopause occur. Menopause is when you have had your final period and have been amenorrhea for one full year. Post menopause overlaps with perimenopause. It is the years after you have your last menstrual period. The pattern of menopause is similar in all women, but there are considerable individual differences. All women have a drop in their hormone levels. How their bodies react to these drops can vary significantly. Until fairly recently women have been made to suffer in si lence.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several disease processes associated with menopause. One of these diseases is osteoporosis. A bone density test can be ordered to help in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Estrogen helps bones absorb and hold calcium to keep the bones strong. Due to low estrogen levels in menopausal women the bones are unable to absorb calcium as well. A women’s bones can become brittle. They can experience an increase in fractures. Bone is lost quickly in the 10 years after estrogen levels fall. Women who do not take hormones or osteoporosis medication can lose ... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Estring 2.0 mg 1 ring $110.99 Ogen cream $68.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Estrace cream &68.99 Provera 5.0 mg 30 tablets $40.79  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generic Provera (medroxyprogesterone) $14.59 These drugs can be brought on line at higher quantities for slightly less in price. For example you can get Estraderm, 8 patches, for $21.00. Premarin 0.625mg for $20.00 for 28 tablets. Provera 5mg is $45.00 for 100 tablets. Women need to be prepared to do their homework when it comes to finding out the best price for HRT. Some of the other expenses women can incur are loss of time at work for sick days due to the side effects of menopause. Doctors visits and laboratory testing to examine if the women is goig through menopause. Also, if they are not sure what is happening to them or if depression from a previous time in their lives reoccurs women may need phyciatric care to help them to realize what is occurring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Theme of Isolation in Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, Steinbeck’s The Ch

Despite differing story lines, Charlotte Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums and Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, depict the same suffering; the isolation that women have been forced to endure throughout history. In the time period that all three characters were placed, it was culturally acceptable for wives to be dominated by their husbands; their responsibility revolving around the needs of their children and those of their spouse. Most women simply did not have a means or an idea of how to rebel against their husbands. The women in all three stories are protagonists who have poor relationships of emotional attachment with their spouses. While the main character of Gilman’s story endures multiple psychotic breaks, Elisa Allen of Steinbeck’s piece is quite the opposite: a very strong and powerful woman. Gilman’s character finally resolves her problems by breaking free, where Elisa remains frustrated with her ignora nt husband and Edna of ultimately escapes through death. This dominance, this isolation, is a cycle maintained by society and the men within it. A cycle that these three short stories prove to be nothing more than destructive and harmful for families as a whole. Following these storylines, there are three key points to address: the relationship between husband and wife, women’s standings within society and finally, the end that it drives these originally normal women to. At first Gilman’s character tries to rebel against her husband through writing, (something she has been forbidden from doing while on her hiatus). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Gilman implies that although her husband is â€Å"very careful and loving† (Gilman 449) she is also her condemner. Gilman addresses the fact that John prev... ...tanding of equality; but in these novella’s the reader can only see the loneliness, inner-turmoil, and feelings of inadequacy that plagued every one. The reader learns that forcing a person, particularly a woman, into such a place of exaggerated separation can have grave consequences. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. "The Awakening." The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Traditions in English. 2nd ed. Comp. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar. New York: Norton, 1996. 1011-101. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Literature for Composition: Reading and Writing Arguments about Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. 8th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 765-75. Print. Steinbeck, John. "The Chrysanthemums." The Seagull Reader Stories. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008.

Is Aristotle the Father of Logic

I believe so. Aristotle became known as the Father of Logic by demonstrating that logic was more than just an equivalent to verbal reasoning but an important tool of investigation, a way to learn everything about everything. He was the first to introduce scientific thought into daily processes. Even today, with hundreds of advances in technology and available resources, scientists find that observations he had documented two-thousand years ago are correct. For twenty years Aristotle studied with Plato and became a prominent figure at his academy. But yet after so many years of collaboration between the two, many people including Plato’s nephew Speusippus believed that Aristotle’s ideals varied greatly from Platos and indeed they did. Plato presumed that the â€Å"ideal† form of an person or animal is the result of a â€Å"sensory† world and that every man knew and understood his place in life. Whereas Aristotle believed that the â€Å"form† consisted of several characteristics together as a whole, which eventually was proven and known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as well as believing that a man should create his own place in the world. Consequently, Aristotle left the academy after Plato’s death. Several years later he developed his own school known as the Lyceum at which he taught for thirteen years in a rather peculiar fashion. His lectures were offered to those that were willing to listen as he paced up and down the peripatos outside the school. His works included a vast array of subject matter including physics, biology, psychology, politics and more. In the subject of Logic, he developed the foundation of categories, a way to classify each element of an argument. He further demonstrated that the core of logical thought is a sequence of three propositions in which the first and second imply the last, known as a syllogism. These thoughts have stood the test of time and have only been slightly revised throughout the centuries. It is believed that Aristotle wrote four-hundred books in his lifetime. However, his work was hidden from the world for many, many years when he died in 322BC. Only a portion of them were discovered in 100BC, unfortunately ruined by dampness and moths. Originally taken to Athens and then to Rome, his works gained interest and were used as textbooks by Roman scholars and are still an important influence in learning today. References http://philosophy.sean.tripod.com/id17.htm http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/syllogism.aspx#1E1-syllogis

How Does Advertisement Influence People’s Behaviour?

In the modern world, advertisement is everywhere. In every abundance walk of life, there are huge competitions. As a result, advertisement has become more important. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer to message presentation in the marketplace.The term may also be extended to show a product in a television program or movie, which in order to target audience. This research paper focus on how does advertisement influence children and women on the society? Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in our daily life.When you are walking on the street, you can see the advertisements in the shops or markets. When you are watching TV, advertisements appear betwe en programs. When you are reading newspapers, there are advertisements in the newspapers.Since advertisements are so popular in our daily life, they have great impact on the society and people’s behaviors. The influence can be in positive and negative ways. First of all, since advertisements are what we use to provide information for the customers, through advertisements, customers can get a lot of useful information like the functions of a product, the price of it and where they can buy it. In a manner of speaking, advertisements give us suggestions on what to buy and how to improve our life quality. Secondly, good advertisements can always stimulate consumer’s purchase desire.Such advertisements can usually help increase the sales of a kind of product. Therefore, advertisements can boot the profit of a company and stimulate the economy of a district. And they may create new fashion trends. Thirdly, good advertisements are usually great works of art, too.They are beau tiful and creative. So they have positive impacts on both the society and the people. Through advertisements, social aesthetic level can be raised, and people will be encouraged to appreciate beauty and to be creative. However, advertisements are not all good.They have bad impacts on the society and people’s behavior as well. As we all know, advertising is the most commonly used way by the companies to increase the sales. As a result, companies will try their best to attract audience even some times neglect bad impacts.Advertising is routinely being targeted to children in all over the world. â€Å" Media’s influence on children is mainly due to two dimensions-advertising and editorial/programming contended(O’ Guinn and Shrum,1997) –with advertising specifically intended to inform young consumers about products and encourage their purchase.†1 Because advertising makes effect on children, the media must impact the children, in other words, the child ren must reach the media, and then, interact with them. Children play passive role in the learning process, and they are good at imitating. When they are growing, they are trying to find a person such as their parents as models.Some of them will study on magazines; watch movies and TV shows to find out how to be a successful boy or girl. From the most fashionable hairstyle, the most popular music and dance, to the views to different kind of things.There are two ways that children can obtain about products. One is from parents, and the other one is from peers. Parents as consumer socialization agents. In western nations, it has been shown that parents teach children how to choose products, which are satisfied in the marketplace.Meanwhile, teaching them understand how to compare products in price and quality. Evidence shows that the more often that parents take young people shopping, the more aware the young people turn to purchasing information. Moreover, the communications among fam ily members may also impact young people’s interactions.Another significant evidence suggests that advertisement in television effect children a lot. Media influences most children’s requests for advertised products. Another important way young people can be affected is peers. At school, children spend long time studying or playing together.They can learn from each other what clothing styles are popular right now or how to wear can get more attention from others. In addition, peers influence a lot in children’s interaction for products. For example, they learn from their friends which stores are cheaper, which brands of selected products are much better.It is logical that if child A and child B are good friends, they always paly together, and if child A likes a brand of products, then child B will be influenced by child A, and start loving this brand of products. Also, there is an increasing evidence show that the more children affect each other, the more produc ts will be purchased by children.Thus, children are the huge consumer group in the world. The effect of advertisements on women in society. In the history, there is a standard of â€Å"beauty† during every period of time.But never like today, all kinds of media, especially television media, trying to teach us what is beauty should look like. In order to satisfy the needs males, advertisements are trying to define female beauty. Try to make women be seen as the aesthetic object and use this kind of â€Å" copy beauty† to attract consumers.Meanwhile, as a target group of consumer, women are apparently influenced by advertisements during watching process. The images in the advertising become emulating the target. In these pictures, the models are wearing pretty clothes, and they are having perfect bodies, long hair.They look sexy and attractive. In the society, this kind of advertising images are seen everywhere. Also, it influences women how they should look like and dre ss. For example, when several graceful air hostess who are dressing in a suit, having the long hair floats walking row tidy out from the plane.And telling others the reason why they have beautiful hair it is because they use â€Å"LOREAL† shampoo. After that, do you think women can just wait or ignore? All above, the unreal â€Å"female beauty† standard misled the female consumption. According to the stereotype image, there is few woman can achieve â€Å" young† and â€Å"beauty†.So, women start to re-create themselves. They use cosmetics, beauty, breast augmentation surgery and even cosmetic surgery to make themselves follow advertising images’ beautiful figures. As a result, women fall into the trap that shops made. Women accept advertising values, aesthetics propaganda and at the same time, they will act.Eventually, advertisement leads them to consume. It can be said that the whole industry are describing the â€Å" perfect female† in adv ertising, meanwhile, using women’s fear and upset feeling which is they are not as good as the models in the advertising to sell products to promote  consumption.Therefore, because of stereotyped advertisement, the consumption from women becomes modeled. â€Å"One study of a sample of Stanford graduates and undergraduates found that sixty-eight percent of students felt worse about their own appearances after reading women's magazines† (Crafting a Perfect Body).For example, â€Å"Allure† magazines, in 30 advertisements, 90% of them are thin Caucasian women who have long golden hair and blue eyes. Even the African American women, they changed hair to make it light and straight and try to look like Caucasian women.